//In-vitro research shows repeat vape aerosol exposure causes minimal damage in human 3D lung tissue lab model compared to cigarette smoke

How does vape aerosol affect lung cells over time? Scientific Digital Communications Editor Arran Frood reports on Imperial Brands’ latest research. 

5 May, 2021, Bristol – In one of the most advanced applications of in-vitro 3D human lung models in vape research to date, a new peer-reviewed Imperial Brands study shows that, unlike combustible cigarette smoke, blu aerosol had little to no impact on numerous toxicological endpoints under the conditions of test using laboratory models.

Published in the journal Current Research in Toxicology, the experiments compared the toxicological responses of an in vitro 3D lung model (MucilAir™ from Epithelix) after repeated exposure to undiluted whole blu aerosol (1.6% tobacco flavour) or diluted whole cigarette smoke (3R4F Kentucky Reference) over a 28-day period.

Results showed that vape aerosol had minimal effects compared to cigarette smoke. Image: Imperial Brands

After repeatedly exposing the model to smoke or aerosol from each product for four weeks, scientists assessed the biological activity of the 3D lung tissue model against five endpoints related to respiratory function:

• Cytotoxic response (general toxicity to cells or tissue)

• Barrier integrity (measuring the intactness of tissue structure )

• Immunohistochemistry (general assessment of tissue structure)

• Cilia beat frequency and active area (detecting abnormal lung cell function)

• Pro-inflammatory response (identifying lung tissue inflammation)

This is the first peer-reviewed vaping study evaluating repeated whole cigarette smoke and whole aerosol exposure to a 3D lung model (at the air liquid interface) for this extended 28-day time period. The use of a 3D lung model and extending the exposure scenario produced a more clinically relevant setup than previous applications, because the repeated exposure model is a closer representation of how the human lung is exposed to aerosol or smoke.

The study employed a complex and thorough methodology to measure repeated exposure. Image from L. Czekela et al (2021)

The Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-First Century (TT21C) driven study reinforces Imperial Brands commitment to using advanced 3D tissue models and cellular assays to as part of a global movement to reduce industry reliance on in-vivo (animal) experiments. (Imperial does not test any products on animals, unless formally required to do so by governments or recognised regulatory authorities: see our Position here.)

Results consistent with previous findings

Correlating with Imperial’s previous published applications of using a similar method, in the previous study a single exposure to undiluted whole vape aerosol showed similar biological impact to the lung cell model as humidified air under the experimental conditions. However, diluted combustible cigarettes smoke elicited a significant dose-dependent response in all measured endpoints listed above.

SAEIVS: the Smoke Aerosol In Vitro Exposure System. The myblu vape device can been seen bottom-left. Image: Reemtsma/Imperial Brands

As expected, in the present repeated exposure study, cigarette smoke produced a significant and dose-dependent biological response against all endpoints as the puff number was increased. “Cytotoxicity and inflammatory markers were all elevated in cigarette smoke,” said Fan Yu, Pre-Clinical Toxicologist at Imperial and corresponding author. “Likewise, diluted cigarette smoke disrupted normal cilia beat function, cell barrier integrity, as well as tissue structure.”

At each puff dose, undiluted blu aerosol contained at least seven times more nicotine relative to cigarette smoke, but for all endpoints elicited no statistically significant difference with the negative control exposed only to humidified air. “Our results suggest nicotine is not the driver of the model’s cytotoxic response to cigarette smoke,” Yu explained. “More likely it is the many toxicants created through burning tobacco causing the responses that are absent, or substantially reduced, in vape aerosol.”

Markers for inflammation were significantly increased (red) after repeated exposure to cigarette smoke (top half). Blue squares show decrease. Click to enlarge image from L. Czekala et al (2021)

The study is further evidence that vaping may have significant harm reduction potential compared to combustible cigarettes for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke.

“For adult smokers who are uninterested or unwilling to stop smoking, this study adds to a growing body research demonstrating Next Generation Products such as vapes offer a potentially reduced harm alternative if adult smokers choose to transition to these products,” said Dr Grant O’Connell, Head of Tobacco Harm Reduction Science at Imperial.

He added: “To ensure adult smokers are fully informed of the scientific evidence base underpinning NGPs, we urge regulators, policy makers and media alike to recognise and communicate the scientific evidence, such as that presented here, as well as many other findings in the literature, and support a role for high quality, scientifically substantiated products in maximising tobacco harm reduction.”

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Read the full study here.

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